Golden Retriever Puppy: Breed a Rescue Dog

French/English Translation: The Common History of Two Languages

Along with most of the other languages of Western Europe, both French and English are daughter languages of proto-Indo-European. French is a Romance language, derived from proto-Italic via Latin (like Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian, and Catalan); English is a Teutonic language, derived from proto-Germanic via West Germanic (like Dutch, German, and Yiddish). French/English translation is made more interesting by the complicated history of English and the part French plays in this history, though the two languages are long-since separated on the Indo-European family tree. English is often described as a German language with a Romance vocabulary. Old English was an amalgam of the languages of several tribes of northern Europe ? the Angles, Jutes, and Saxons ? who displaced the Celts as rulers of the British Isles. With the 1066 Norman Conquest of England, the language of the court became Norman French, relegating English to the language of the common people. As English was only used for daily affairs in this period, it simplified into Middle English, the language of Chaucer. During the 300 years the Normans ruled England, many French words drifted into English. By the time English came back into favor as the primary language of the Isles, it had transformed into Early Modern English, the language in which Shakespeare composed his sonnets and plays. It is estimated that between one fourth and one third of modern English vocabulary comes from French.

In the history of French-English relations, English has not only borrowed from French, but vice versa. With the rise of English as the international lingua franca of business and science, French has borrowed many English neologisms. The watch-dog committee that polices the French language, The French Academy, has tried in vain to limit borrowings; their numbers continue to grow.

Over the millennia, significant vocabulary has been borrowed from Latin into English. The Saxons, Angles and Jutes fought and bartered with the Romans before relocating to the British Isles and were thus already using some Latin words before their languages coalesced into Old English. Christian missionaries to England brought with them Latin religious terms and further borrowings occurred at the time of the English Renaissance. During the Industrial Age and up to the modern day, new knowledge and technology is often labeled with names that are either direct Latin borrowings or neologisms created from Latinate roots. Such that an additional one fourth of English words stem from Latin or its derivatives. This has led to the doubles in English that both enrich and complicate the language: a native Germanic noun paired with a Latinate adjective, e.g., spider and arachnidian, eye and ocular/visual.

The unusual history of the English language and its exchange with modern-day French makes French/English translation simpler as there is a large body of cognates translators do not have to change, such as direct borrowings from French into English (ballet, moustache); direct borrowings from English into French (weekend, marketing); and Latin derivatives common to both languages (allusion, molecule). Those involved in French/English translation do need, however, to take heed of the many false cognates, known as 'false friends.' Some are homographs that, despite identical spelling, have no linguistic relation, such as chair (a place to sit in English, 'flesh' in French) or coin (a form of money in English, 'neighborhood' in French). More problematic are similar words that have evolved easily mistakable meanings, such as attend/attendre ('to wait' in French), eventually/eventuellement ('possibly') or actually/actuellement ('currently').

In short, thanks to the vagaries of history, French/English translation is often more straightforward than translation between other language pairs. Their many cognates and common Indo-European foundation mean that the two languages are more alike than they are different.

Armando Riquier has worked as a writer and translator for many years. He collaborates with Tectrad, a professional agency delivering timely and accurate French English translations to many large international corporations since 1989. Tectrad's high-fidelity translation services will help you reach an increasing number of foreign clients or customers at http://tectrad.com/en/french-english-translation.htm

MORE ARTICLES:

What To Ask Your Prospective Golden Retriever Breeder
Money shouldn't mean much to a good Golden Retriever breeder needing to find good homes for puppies Ask for references and what they like to see in a dog owner

Connect With The Right Puppy Buyer Or Breeder Of Your Choice
Are you a puppy buyer or a breeder; or just a once-through-buyer looking for a good breed for your home? What ever, be the puppy or kitten requirement that you have, you have come to the right site pawsitesonline.com .

The Golden Retriever: A Wonderful Pet
A Golden Retriever is a wonderful breed of dog, having many terrific qualities, including a love of people, particularly children Making it a terrific family dog with loyalty and confidence and an uncanny sense of smell

Puppy Grows Life Like Puppy and Even Knows Your Name
Puppy Grows & Knows is a new Fisher Price computerized dog that teaches small children to properly care for their pets. It also teaches a small child responsibility because it is their personal ownership, their own dog and baby to take care of. The size of this toy dog is 14.10" h x 12.00" w x 8.30" l and weighs 4.15 pounds. As the child shows this toy puppy the love, attention and TLC that all animals really want and need, the puppy will grow into a bigger dog in four days. Its body, legs, ears and tail will grow, little by little, each day, as the child interacts with it daily, playing its programmed games. Two games include singing songs and playing a barking game. The puppy can be taught to know its name, child's name, friend's name, an...

The Golden Eagle Trans-Siberian Express Joins the Luxury Train Club
Train Chartering's Luxury Train Club welcomes the impressive Golden Eagle Trans-Siberian Express into the Club. The Luxury Train Club is a fusion of luxury trains, member travellers and selected partnership.

Women's Health Clubs: How Women's Health Clubs Can Help You Look Your Best
There are a ton of different women's health clubs that you can go to when you're looking to lose a bit of weight or just tone up some flab. There are many different benefits that a woman gets when she exercises on a regular basis, and these days it's imperative that women get off of the couch and get moving. Along with a reasonably balanced diet that includes lots of fruits, veggies and whole grains, exercising can drastically improve the quality of your life, as well as extend it quite a bit. Sure, you can work out at home, but unless you've got a well equipped gym that includes free weights, treadmills, elliptical machines and more, you'd probably be better served paying a few extra dollars a month to go to a real gym.

Gift of the Month Club Sales Surge at Clubs of America
Holiday sales hit another record high. Gift of the Month Clubs provide the perfect year round season’s greetings.

Horse Breeds: Galician Pony, Gelderlander, Gidran, Golden American Saddlebred, Gotland
*GALICIAN PONY* Found in northwest Spain, The Galician Pony is home in a region that features many mountains and a wet climate The breed is used for the production of meat and for riding

Puppy Pictures And Puppy Albums
Most people who have pets at home actually get so much attached to them that they are considered more of a family member than just a mere pet. For once, most dog owners actually treat their dogs very well from the time that it is still a puppy until they grow with them. For others, they go beyond the basic care of their pets and they even take pictures of their pets and compile them in an album so they could do something to preserve the memories of their pets and share their joys even to the next generation.

Health Club Secrets -- 5 Monster Tips For Choosing A Health Club
With the New Year coming in, people by the droves put their New Year's resolutions in gear. For many health clubs, the month of January marks the easiest time of the year to entice and underdeliver the hopes and desires of the unsuspecting public.

Westie Puppies For Sale – 7 Important Questions To Ask Your West Highland Terrier Breeder
Let's say you've made up your mind on the breed you want, which is a cute westie puppies for sale. The next step to take is finding a responsible breeder.

When Breeders Look For Puppies This Is What They Look For
Getting a new puppy is so much fun, and Rottweiler puppies are so adorable, you'll be tempted to choose the first puppy you pick up at your breeder's Resist that impulse, and take a measured approach to selecting your Rottweiler puppy

Dog Lovers Wine Club Features "Annie" a Rescued Boxer from the San Francisco Bay Area
Dog Lovers Wine Club has just completed shipping of their May club shipment. The shipment contains a Santa Barbara County Tempranillo graced with a painting of Annie the Boxer.

Why Finding Good Golden Retriever Breeders Can Be So Difficult
If you are looking to buy a new dog and are interested in the Golden Retriever breed, then know that you are first going to have to become a bit more educated on the issue of Golden Retriever breeders There are literally thousands of different breeders out there, some which work in the professional industry and others who are just average people